How to Make Easy, DIY Rochelle Salt

Rochelle salt or potassium sodium tartrate is an interesting chemical that is used to grow large single crystals, which are attractive and interesting, but also may be used as transducers in microphones and gramophone pickups. The chemical is used as a food additive to contribute a salty, cooling taste. It is an ingredient in useful chemistry reagents, such  as Fehlings solution and Biuret reagent. Unless you work in a lab, you probably dont have this chemical lying around, but you can make it yourself in your own kitchen. Rochelle Salt Ingredients Cream of TartarWashing Soda or Sodium Carbonate (which you can get by heating baking soda or sodium bicarbonate in a 275 °F oven for an hour) Instructions Heat a mixture of about 80 grams cream of tartar in 100 milliliters of water to a boil in a saucepan.Slowly stir in sodium carbonate. The solution will bubble after each addition. Continue adding sodium carbonate until no more bubbles form.Chill this solution in the refrigerator. Crystalline Rochelle salt will form on the bottom of the pan.Remove the Rochelle salt. If you redissolve it in a small amount of clean water, you can use this material to grow single crystals. The key to growing Rochelle salt crystals is to use the minimum amount of water needed to dissolve the solid. Use boiling water to increase the solubility of the salt. You may wish to use a seed crystal to stimulate growth on a single crystal rather than throughout the container. Commercial Preparation of Rochelle Salt Commercial preparation of Rochelle salt is similar to how its made at home or in a small lab, but pH is carefully controlled and impurities are removed to ensure product purity. The process starts with potassium hydrogen tartrate (cream of tartar) that has a tartaric acid content of at least 68 percent. The solid is either dissolved in liquid from a previous batch or in water. Hot caustic soda is introduced to attain a pH value of 8, which also causes a saponification reaction. The resulting solution is decolorized using activated charcoal. Purification involves mechanical filtration and centrifugation. The salt is heated in a furnace to drive off any water before being packaged. Persons interested in preparing their own Rochelle salt and using it for crystal growth may wish to adopt some of the purification methods used in commercial production. This is because cream of tartar sold as a kitchen ingredient may contain other compounds (e.g., to prevent caking). Passing the liquid through a filter medium, such as filter paper or even a coffee filter, should remove most of the impurities and allow for good crystal growth. Rochelle Salt Chemical Data IUPAC Name: Sodium potassium L()-tartrate tetrahydrateAlso Known As: Rochelle salt, Seignettes salt, E337CAS Number: 304-59-6Chemical Formula: KNaC4H4O6 ·4H2OMolar Mass: 282.1 g/molAppearance: Colorless, odorless monoclinic needlesDensity: 1.79 g/cm ³Melting Point: 75  Ã‚ °C (167  Ã‚ °F; 348  K)Boiling Point: 220  Ã‚ °C (428  Ã‚ °F; 493  K)  Solubility: 26 g / 100 mL (0 â„Æ'); 66 g / 100 mL (26 â„Æ')Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic Rochelle Salt and Piezoelectricity Sir David Brewster demonstrated piezoelectricity using Rochelle salt in 1824. He named the effect pyroelectricity. Pyroelectricity is a property of some crystals characterized by natural electrical polarization. In other words, a pyroelectric material can generate a temporary voltage when heated or cooled. While Brewster named the effect, it was first referenced by the Greek philosopher Theophrastus (c. 314 BC) in reference to the ability of tourmaline to attract straw or sawdust when heated. Sources Brewster, David (1824). Observations of the pyro-electricity of minerals. The Edinburgh Journal of Science. 1: 208–215.Fieser, L. F.; Fieser, M. (1967). Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Vol.1. Wiley: New York. p. 983.Kassaian, Jean-Maurice (2007). Tartaric Acid. Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/14356007.a26_163Lide, David R., ed. (2010). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). CRC Press, pp. 4–83.Newnham, R.E.; Cross, L. Eric (November 2005). Ferroelectricity: The Foundation of a Field from Form to Function. MRS Bulletin. 30: 845–846. doi:10.1557/mrs2005.272

Thomas Paine s Common Sense - 1591 Words

In the first several pages of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, he makes it very clear his feelings for the British Government. â€Å"The king is not to be trusted without being looked after†¦,† Paine states (page 6). He is trying to convey that the kind should not be able to make important decisions without someone going back behind him to check and make sure he is not messing anything up. He also goes on to talk about how the common people are wiser and more worthy of confidence than the crown. Expressing that the common people are less likely to make poor decisions than the king. It is clear that Paine is not in favor of a monarchy to rule over Britain because, he states, â€Å"†¦there is something ridiculous in the composition of a monarchy.† Paine’s ideal form of government would be a representative democracy that gives roughly equal weight to each colony. He also says that the sole purpose of a government is to protect life, liberty, and propert y, and a government should solely be judged on the extent to which it accomplishes these goals. Paine believes that Britain has never really been a part of a representative democracy because of the monarchy. Also, because of the lack of a House of Commons, which is chosen by the people, because of hereditary succession, which is obviously not chosen by the people, but people born into the royal family. Hereditary succession has basically eliminated the people’s chance of having a voice or say so in what decisions are made for them. PaineShow MoreRelatedThomas Paine s Common Sense Essay813 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Paine began writing Common Sense in late 1775 under the working title of Plain Truth. With Benjamin Rush, who helped him edit it, publish it, and suggested the final title, Paine developed his ideas into a forty-eight page pamphlet. 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He also edited the Pennsylvania Magazine. The war for American Independence can be traced back to 1763 when the French and Indian war occurred. The British won the war, but also had a substantial debt. Thus, they began to heavily tax the American coloniesRead MoreThomas Paine s Common Sense887 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense questions the King’s priorities and why American colonists would stay with him, which gave the American colonists the confidence in themselves to separate from the British. In Thomas Paineâ €™s first page of his pamphlet Common Sense, Paine says â€Å"As a long and violent abuse of power.† Now for years the colonists had believed the King had bad advisers and that basically everyone in Britain but the King was the problem. 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Thomas Paine’s Common Sense pamphlet asserted purpose to the impending ward on England, and inspired allRead MoreThomas Paine s Common Sense Assignment976 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Paine’s Common Sense Assignment Thomas Paine published Common Sense in January of 1776, and it was a motive that pushed for America to gain freedom from British rule. Paine used Common Sense as a way to explain to the Colonist just what Britain was doing to the colonies and what they were stopping them from achieving. Paine used language that colonist used in everyday life so that it was more appealing to them. Being that it was written in an easy to understand language and stated what theRead MoreAnalysis of Thomas Paine ´s Pamphlet, Common Sense846 Words   |  3 PagesCommon Sense Throughout time, events such as wars and assassinations have occurred that people today can describe as â€Å"a turning point in history†. 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Describe How You Might Contribute to a Lesson Given free essay sample

Before the lesson began, I would check with the teacher which instrument/s were to be used and if we were to use music sheets or any other handouts. I would ensure the classroom was safe and tidy, I would then check there were enough instruments for each child or if they were to share and then arrange the classroom in a suitable manner. I would set out the instruments and any accompanying materials to allow the children to begin the lesson straight away.Prior to the class I would review where the instruments were kept and if they were in a suitable place for the children to access. Before the children attended the class, I would check all of the instruments were in working order and that I knew how to use the instrument and review any details that the children may want to know. This will allow me to be confident when helping the children and help me to be a positive role model to the children. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe How You Might Contribute to a Lesson Given or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During the lesson, I would supervise the children and help keep their concentration on the lesson at hand to help minimise any negative behaviour, handing out praise and encouragement where appropriate. I would help any child who was struggling with the lesson and provide any extra support and encouragement they needed. While the lesson is in progress I would remain calm and confident with any issues or questions that may arise and help the children to get the most out of the lesson. Through the lesson, I would observe the children to see if any needed any extra assistance or if any child stood out.This will help me to review the lesson with the teacher and make any further arrangements for following lessons. At the end of the class I would encourage and assist the children in returning the instruments to the correct area and check the instruments were still in good working order. I would also update any inventory of the instruments, so they were available for the other students. If required I would discuss the lesson with the teacher and pass on any observations that I had made.

Termite Lab Report Sample

Termite Lab Report Paper To test the behavior f termites in relation with the presence of ink, we outlined two shapes with two different writing utensils and timed how long out of a sixty second time period that the termite spent on each path. The results showed that termites spend a substantially longer amount of time following the path of an ink pen than paths made from other writing utensils. The tested termites spent an average amount of 26. 9 out of 60 seconds on paths made by the ink pen, but an average of only 2. 4 of 60 seconds on a path made by a Sharpie marker. The p-value for the data is . 00309 for the pen and 0. 000214 for the Sharpie marker. The results suggest that termites are attracted to the pheromones contained in ink. This contributes to understanding how termites communicate and travel in areas without light. Introduction Many studies have been performed in order to express the relationship between termites and ink. Termites produce chemicals in special glands on their bodies called pheromones to communicate with each other in the environment in which they live (Termite-Control, 2012). Pheromones are released between he insects to exchange messages, give commands, or attract mates (Healthy Treatment, 2012). Ink releases the same pheromones that termites make within their bodies. We usually think of pheromones as being transferred through scent, but they are actually transferred straight from the sender to the receiver. The insect automatically receives the signal once it is transmitted, without the action of sniffing (Wyatt, 2003). Our hypothesis is that if a pathway is drawn with an ink pen, then a termite will be attracted to the path and trace it due to the pheromones. We will write a custom essay sample on Termite Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Termite Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Termite Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Our null hypothesis is that if a pathway is drawn with anything other than ink, the termite will not be attracted to it and will not follow the path drawn. Methods Two circles were drawn directly across from each other on plain white paper. One was drawn with a black Sharpie marker, and the other was drawn with a black ballpoint pen. Three separate termites were dropped directly in the middle of the two circles, and their reactions were recorded for sixty seconds. This was repeated once for each termite. Results The average time calculated for time spent on the pen outline was 26. Seconds. The average time spent on the Sharpie marker outline was 2. 4 seconds. The p- value was calculated to be 0. 000309 for the pen and 0. 000214 for the Sharpie. The standard deviation for the pen was found to be 25. 66 and 3. 97 for the Sharpie. Figure 1. Average Time Spent on Each Writing Utensil per 60 Seconds. Error bars represent one standard deviation above and below the mean. Discussion The resu lts of this experiment support the idea that termites are drawn to follow the pheromones released from the ink in ballpoint pens rather than paths drawn tit other writing utensils. The data collected shows that the majority of the termites spent a majority of the timed sixty seconds tracing the outline of the pen as opposed to the outline of the Sharpie marker. The ink released from the Sharpie marker does not release the pheromones that termites are attracted to. The main limitation of the experiment was that the termites were not in their natural environment; they were placed in the light. Future experiments could be done in black paper or in the dark to see how termites would react when in their natural environment.

Revisiting My Past Life Essays

Revisiting My Past Life Essays Revisiting My Past Life Essay Revisiting My Past Life Essay Essay Topic: The Visit Back then, it was a military town that focused primarily on the base. At the tender age of 18, I was plucked from my life in the suburb of Lincoln Park, Mi. And taken to this small town, not knowing anyone, this was a traumatic experience for me. Though, I was happy to be married to the person I loved, I was not happy about leaving my family and friends behind. When I arrived in Soda, it was worse than I expected. There was nothing up there, not for me anyway. Remember, I was only 18 and used to life in the big city. There was no department store, no mall, no big movie theater, what was I to do? Sure, it was beautiful and peaceful and serene, but I was 18, I did not care about that. If I wanted so much as a whopper, the nearest Burger King was 50 miles away in Alpine! I relied primarily on my husband to keep me occupied and entertained because I knew no one. I envied him because he had the opportunity to go to work and interact with people on a daily basis. In the meantime, I was stuck in this little cottage on the shores of Lake Huron all day, with no one to talk to. I would call my mother and grandmother every day and talk for hours. Soon, I became friends with some of the other military wives, which in itself, is a very tight knit relationship. It was more than friendship, it was like family. We took care of each other and were each others support group. The very kind of friendship that I wish I had today. My husband and I lived in a very tiny cottage on US 23, on the shores of Lake Huron. Very quiet, and peaceful and beautiful. I wouldnt say I hated it, but I would much rather have been in Lincoln Park. The cottage was very quaint and cute. Its walls were made of knotty pine, which was typical of all the houses up there. It had two small bedrooms, a bath with a shower stall, no bathtub, a tiny kitchen and a small living room. A hunters paradise. I brought my first born home to this cottage in 1985, which was very challenging because I knew nothing about motherhood at that tender age. My mother came up for a week to help. When she left, I had to figure things out on my own. I was now a woman and had grown up, although, I still longed for home. The time came in 1986, my now ex-husband was discharged from the Air Force and I was boring town. Happiness, Rejoice! I did not realize at that time, I was leaving what I always wanted behind. Things were more simple up there and I Just did not see it then. My husband and I were never as close as we were when we lived there. We ere forced to deal with problems we faced because all we had were each other. Our marriage fell apart in 1999 and I had not been to Soda since our divorce. I decided to go up there for the first time in 27 years. Things have changed since then, the base has closed down and is now home to the former race car driver Connie Galatia, he houses his planes on base. They have also sold the base housing to families. They have a Burger King now and a Smart and a few other businesses that were not there then. I was haunted by my memories. Everywhere I went, I could picture myself being 27 years earlier. It was like I was standing beside myself in a efferent time and I almost wanted to reach out to my former self and say see, all this time you wanted to get away and this is exactly where you wanted to be the whole time I actually was able to stay in the very same cottage I had lived in when I was 18, the lady was renting it out. This time I had a very different perspective of my cottage. I noticed things that I did not notice before. As soon as I walked in the door of my former home, all these memories came rushing towards me, overwhelming me. Oh, how I have missed this place and longed to be part of it again. It was almost as if it had been waiting for me all these years. I stood there for which seemed like an eternity, taking in every detail I could of my old life. I sat down on the couch for literally a few hours taking in the sounds of the waves from Lake Huron crashing against the shore. The cool breeze blowing in through the open windows. Taking in the smell of the nice clean, crisp, air. I stood up and started walking from room to room, gliding my hands along the walls, remembering every single memory each room had to offer. I could actually hear the voices and laughter of my ex-husband and me. I could see us walking in the front door with our newborn baby girl and asking her in the room a placing her in the crib. It was like a movie where the person has died and can see everything happening around them, haunting, really. The old expression you never really know what you have until its gone never rang more true. I did not want to go to sleep, I Just wanted to enjoy all the time I could there, not wanting it to end. I was frozen in time and wanted to stay that way. But of course, two days later, it was time for me to come back to reality. I wrote a little note to myself and hid it in the cabin as I intend to visit it once again. Soda will always be forever frozen in time for me. My forever home.

Persuasive Research Paper

Persuasive Research Paper Persuasive Research Paper Persuasive research paper: Lead-in! Persuasive research papers are general-purpose in high school and college-level English or writing classes. The main idea of a persuasive research paper is to argue a specific side of the question. To know some statement points will be helpful for you during your writing process. Your teacher should keep you focused on the main point. But before you start creating the persuasive research paper, you first must choose an issue/problem to persuade the reader about, decide on a side of the issue to argue and research that side. Persuasive research paper: How to Write a Good Persuasive Research Paper? If you asking yourself this question, you have some doubts in correct writing research papers. However, you should know that there is no hopeless situation. You can always find a way out, and you almost had done it. If you are reading this article and recognizing yourself, it would be better to continue reading. And now, if you still want to write a persuasive research work successfully you should follow next advices:Try to make a preliminary plan/ scheme of your research paper. Write your topic/ theme at the top of the plan. This will give you a guiding point. Remember that all points in your paper, and on the plan, should move around and support the thesis. So the thesis should state the issue and the side of the issue that you are arguing. Try to use at least three main headings in your plan. Titles should begin with Roman numerals (I, II, III) Use a general title to identify definite angle on the issue/problem to persuade. As a rule, persuasive research papers begin with common information and move toward more special information. Try to use at least two paragraphs for each main heading. Do not forget that paragraphs should be numerated with the capital letters. Paragraphs are used to explain the main idea of sub-titles. Try to use as much classification as possible in your plan. Use numbers in further separation of the paragraph. Further classifications are used to give more information about each paragraph to support the argument. Now, when you have divided your persuasive research paper into parts (paragraphs, chapters), you should include all the information from your research in the parts, where it belongs. Try to use whole the variety of sources. Use citations and well-known quotations for your sources to help you remember which source to use in the research paper. Source information should not be included as one of the main category; backwards, try to use it as a paragraph. Persuasive research paper: Flashback! Try to write persuasive research paper carefully and accurately. Only in such case you will get a good result, pay attention to the subject of writing and your personal style. Pay attention to errors! When you finished creating research, take a rest and later with new forces try to check your work. Hope, this article was useful for you, and you got some experience in writing persuasive research paper.

Pop Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pop Culture - Research Paper Example The young ones like to connect with the pop music because they believe this is them when they hum along to songs, attend concerts, be a part of the karaoke nights and basically have a good time within the pop domains. The pop culture within music has always been a good subject to comprehend because the pop music is more about loudness and bang-bang than any other thing. They focus less on how things are followed by the book but understand how things are done in a quick and hassle-free way. This is, therefore, some of the best-known reasons why pop music has been able to showcase the young artists, the teenage sensations, and so on and so forth. The pop music and indeed the pop culture does not represent or take into consideration the people from the older age segments or the ones who are facing mid-life issues. Lady Gaga’s influence on the pop music and indeed the generation of present times is something to write home about. She is one pop singer that has touched the zenith of success during her brief pop career. However, she has touched hearts of millions around the globe and has represented the pop culture in a way that has not been known to be linked with others in the pop music industry. Therefore the role of pop music within the popular culture of present times is an acknowledged one and is manifested for a number of different reasons. People have started to think that pop culture will basically put the young ones on the right track, whereby the latter can listen to songs all day long and remain calm all this while. If they indulge in some other activities which are unbecoming of their own selves, then that would not be a pardonable excuse at all. So it is always an appreciable act on the part of the elders in the current times to allow the manifestation of the pop music in its diverse forms. Pop Culture on Television How programming has been affected with television and how the same has been inter-linked with the pop culture is somewhat of an inter esting debate. This is because the pop culture has brought about a number of programming advancements within the realms of this select audience (McNicol, 2009). The young ones now feel that they have a separate and unique identity of their own, which is being represented through the different pop music channels and distinctive programs – all of which cater to the needs and requirements of the time. The children and teenagers know that they need to keep a close track of what is happening within the pop culture regimes so that they can come along well with the changing times and be considered hip and happening within their respective social circles. The need is to remain fast track with the amending technological documentations and this has been in the form of immense progress that has come about with the advent of the pop culture. The pop culture on