How to Make Easy, DIY Rochelle Salt

Rochelle salt or potassium sodium tartrate is an interesting chemical that is used to grow large single crystals, which are attractive and interesting, but also may be used as transducers in microphones and gramophone pickups. The chemical is used as a food additive to contribute a salty, cooling taste. It is an ingredient in useful chemistry reagents, such  as Fehlings solution and Biuret reagent. Unless you work in a lab, you probably dont have this chemical lying around, but you can make it yourself in your own kitchen. Rochelle Salt Ingredients Cream of TartarWashing Soda or Sodium Carbonate (which you can get by heating baking soda or sodium bicarbonate in a 275 °F oven for an hour) Instructions Heat a mixture of about 80 grams cream of tartar in 100 milliliters of water to a boil in a saucepan.Slowly stir in sodium carbonate. The solution will bubble after each addition. Continue adding sodium carbonate until no more bubbles form.Chill this solution in the refrigerator. Crystalline Rochelle salt will form on the bottom of the pan.Remove the Rochelle salt. If you redissolve it in a small amount of clean water, you can use this material to grow single crystals. The key to growing Rochelle salt crystals is to use the minimum amount of water needed to dissolve the solid. Use boiling water to increase the solubility of the salt. You may wish to use a seed crystal to stimulate growth on a single crystal rather than throughout the container. Commercial Preparation of Rochelle Salt Commercial preparation of Rochelle salt is similar to how its made at home or in a small lab, but pH is carefully controlled and impurities are removed to ensure product purity. The process starts with potassium hydrogen tartrate (cream of tartar) that has a tartaric acid content of at least 68 percent. The solid is either dissolved in liquid from a previous batch or in water. Hot caustic soda is introduced to attain a pH value of 8, which also causes a saponification reaction. The resulting solution is decolorized using activated charcoal. Purification involves mechanical filtration and centrifugation. The salt is heated in a furnace to drive off any water before being packaged. Persons interested in preparing their own Rochelle salt and using it for crystal growth may wish to adopt some of the purification methods used in commercial production. This is because cream of tartar sold as a kitchen ingredient may contain other compounds (e.g., to prevent caking). Passing the liquid through a filter medium, such as filter paper or even a coffee filter, should remove most of the impurities and allow for good crystal growth. Rochelle Salt Chemical Data IUPAC Name: Sodium potassium L()-tartrate tetrahydrateAlso Known As: Rochelle salt, Seignettes salt, E337CAS Number: 304-59-6Chemical Formula: KNaC4H4O6 ·4H2OMolar Mass: 282.1 g/molAppearance: Colorless, odorless monoclinic needlesDensity: 1.79 g/cm ³Melting Point: 75  Ã‚ °C (167  Ã‚ °F; 348  K)Boiling Point: 220  Ã‚ °C (428  Ã‚ °F; 493  K)  Solubility: 26 g / 100 mL (0 â„Æ'); 66 g / 100 mL (26 â„Æ')Crystal Structure: Orthorhombic Rochelle Salt and Piezoelectricity Sir David Brewster demonstrated piezoelectricity using Rochelle salt in 1824. He named the effect pyroelectricity. Pyroelectricity is a property of some crystals characterized by natural electrical polarization. In other words, a pyroelectric material can generate a temporary voltage when heated or cooled. While Brewster named the effect, it was first referenced by the Greek philosopher Theophrastus (c. 314 BC) in reference to the ability of tourmaline to attract straw or sawdust when heated. Sources Brewster, David (1824). Observations of the pyro-electricity of minerals. The Edinburgh Journal of Science. 1: 208–215.Fieser, L. F.; Fieser, M. (1967). Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Vol.1. Wiley: New York. p. 983.Kassaian, Jean-Maurice (2007). Tartaric Acid. Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/14356007.a26_163Lide, David R., ed. (2010). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). CRC Press, pp. 4–83.Newnham, R.E.; Cross, L. Eric (November 2005). Ferroelectricity: The Foundation of a Field from Form to Function. MRS Bulletin. 30: 845–846. doi:10.1557/mrs2005.272

Thomas Paine s Common Sense - 1591 Words

In the first several pages of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, he makes it very clear his feelings for the British Government. â€Å"The king is not to be trusted without being looked after†¦,† Paine states (page 6). He is trying to convey that the kind should not be able to make important decisions without someone going back behind him to check and make sure he is not messing anything up. He also goes on to talk about how the common people are wiser and more worthy of confidence than the crown. Expressing that the common people are less likely to make poor decisions than the king. It is clear that Paine is not in favor of a monarchy to rule over Britain because, he states, â€Å"†¦there is something ridiculous in the composition of a monarchy.† Paine’s ideal form of government would be a representative democracy that gives roughly equal weight to each colony. He also says that the sole purpose of a government is to protect life, liberty, and propert y, and a government should solely be judged on the extent to which it accomplishes these goals. Paine believes that Britain has never really been a part of a representative democracy because of the monarchy. Also, because of the lack of a House of Commons, which is chosen by the people, because of hereditary succession, which is obviously not chosen by the people, but people born into the royal family. Hereditary succession has basically eliminated the people’s chance of having a voice or say so in what decisions are made for them. PaineShow MoreRelatedThomas Paine s Common Sense Essay813 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Paine began writing Common Sense in late 1775 under the working title of Plain Truth. With Benjamin Rush, who helped him edit it, publish it, and suggested the final title, Paine developed his ideas into a forty-eight page pamphlet. 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Describe How You Might Contribute to a Lesson Given free essay sample

Before the lesson began, I would check with the teacher which instrument/s were to be used and if we were to use music sheets or any other handouts. I would ensure the classroom was safe and tidy, I would then check there were enough instruments for each child or if they were to share and then arrange the classroom in a suitable manner. I would set out the instruments and any accompanying materials to allow the children to begin the lesson straight away.Prior to the class I would review where the instruments were kept and if they were in a suitable place for the children to access. Before the children attended the class, I would check all of the instruments were in working order and that I knew how to use the instrument and review any details that the children may want to know. This will allow me to be confident when helping the children and help me to be a positive role model to the children. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe How You Might Contribute to a Lesson Given or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During the lesson, I would supervise the children and help keep their concentration on the lesson at hand to help minimise any negative behaviour, handing out praise and encouragement where appropriate. I would help any child who was struggling with the lesson and provide any extra support and encouragement they needed. While the lesson is in progress I would remain calm and confident with any issues or questions that may arise and help the children to get the most out of the lesson. Through the lesson, I would observe the children to see if any needed any extra assistance or if any child stood out.This will help me to review the lesson with the teacher and make any further arrangements for following lessons. At the end of the class I would encourage and assist the children in returning the instruments to the correct area and check the instruments were still in good working order. I would also update any inventory of the instruments, so they were available for the other students. If required I would discuss the lesson with the teacher and pass on any observations that I had made.

Termite Lab Report Sample

Termite Lab Report Paper To test the behavior f termites in relation with the presence of ink, we outlined two shapes with two different writing utensils and timed how long out of a sixty second time period that the termite spent on each path. The results showed that termites spend a substantially longer amount of time following the path of an ink pen than paths made from other writing utensils. The tested termites spent an average amount of 26. 9 out of 60 seconds on paths made by the ink pen, but an average of only 2. 4 of 60 seconds on a path made by a Sharpie marker. The p-value for the data is . 00309 for the pen and 0. 000214 for the Sharpie marker. The results suggest that termites are attracted to the pheromones contained in ink. This contributes to understanding how termites communicate and travel in areas without light. Introduction Many studies have been performed in order to express the relationship between termites and ink. Termites produce chemicals in special glands on their bodies called pheromones to communicate with each other in the environment in which they live (Termite-Control, 2012). Pheromones are released between he insects to exchange messages, give commands, or attract mates (Healthy Treatment, 2012). Ink releases the same pheromones that termites make within their bodies. We usually think of pheromones as being transferred through scent, but they are actually transferred straight from the sender to the receiver. The insect automatically receives the signal once it is transmitted, without the action of sniffing (Wyatt, 2003). Our hypothesis is that if a pathway is drawn with an ink pen, then a termite will be attracted to the path and trace it due to the pheromones. We will write a custom essay sample on Termite Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Termite Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Termite Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Our null hypothesis is that if a pathway is drawn with anything other than ink, the termite will not be attracted to it and will not follow the path drawn. Methods Two circles were drawn directly across from each other on plain white paper. One was drawn with a black Sharpie marker, and the other was drawn with a black ballpoint pen. Three separate termites were dropped directly in the middle of the two circles, and their reactions were recorded for sixty seconds. This was repeated once for each termite. Results The average time calculated for time spent on the pen outline was 26. Seconds. The average time spent on the Sharpie marker outline was 2. 4 seconds. The p- value was calculated to be 0. 000309 for the pen and 0. 000214 for the Sharpie. The standard deviation for the pen was found to be 25. 66 and 3. 97 for the Sharpie. Figure 1. Average Time Spent on Each Writing Utensil per 60 Seconds. Error bars represent one standard deviation above and below the mean. Discussion The resu lts of this experiment support the idea that termites are drawn to follow the pheromones released from the ink in ballpoint pens rather than paths drawn tit other writing utensils. The data collected shows that the majority of the termites spent a majority of the timed sixty seconds tracing the outline of the pen as opposed to the outline of the Sharpie marker. The ink released from the Sharpie marker does not release the pheromones that termites are attracted to. The main limitation of the experiment was that the termites were not in their natural environment; they were placed in the light. Future experiments could be done in black paper or in the dark to see how termites would react when in their natural environment.